Improving access to justice in environmental matters

We raise people’s awareness of their right to go to court when environmental laws are broken, working in around ten EU countries. Together, we can improve how EU environmental law is used and enforced.

Access to justice is a fundamental means through which citizens and NGOs can support the implementation and enforcement of laws and policies to protect the environment. Access to Justice for a Greener Europe focuses on raising awareness about the legal possibilities available for citizens and NGOs to help protect the environment through access to justice.

We're building expertise, sharing good practises, and improving access to justice in environmental matters.

About the project

Managed by ClientEarth and Justice & Environment over eight European states, the project aims to improve the implementation and enforcement of environmental law in EU countries by making sure the public can challenge law breaking in court. Making sure Europeans can bring environmental cases to court is the goal of the “Access to Justice for a greener Europe” (A2J EARL) project.

What is Access to Justice?

A democratic tool to protect the environment

Access to justice is a democratic tool to protect the environment and reduce the gap between the law and its implementation.

EU environmental policy and regulation is one of the most advanced and comprehensive in the world, but it is not providing satisfactory results and Europe’s environment is rapidly deteriorating. For example, the EU is set to miss its goal of halting biodiversity loss for 2020 – with 60% of EU protected species and 77% of EU protected habitats being in unfavourable conservation status according to a 2015 EEA report.

Strong legislative and policy frameworks are not providing the results that they should because they are not properly implemented. This is both an environmental and socio-economic problem: a 2011 estimate put the cost of poor implementation of EU environmental law at around €50 billion a year. Not to mention that the lack of implementation also erodes the rule of law and public trust in national authorities and the EU.

To tackle that issue, empowered citizens, acting on their own or via charities, are essential to support the actions of authorities. For their action to be truly effective, they need to be able to challenge lawbreaking in court.

A right acknowledged in a number of legal provisions

The right to have access to justice is acknowledged in a number of legal provisions as well as case law of various judicial and quasi-judicial bodies at international and EU level.

The UNECE Convention on Access to Information, public participation in Decision-making and Access to justice in Environmental matters (Aarhus Convention) requires its parties to provide members of the public with effective access to justice in environmental matters. As of today, all 27 Member States as well as the EU itself are Parties to the Convention.

Moreover, based on this Convention, the EU has adopted a number of legal acts containing rules on access to justice at national level, such as the Environmental Information Directive, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive, Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) and the Environmental Liability Directive (ELD).

The EU has not yet issued legislation that would provide a general framework for access to justice to challenge all infringements of environmental laws. However, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has ruled that Member States are nonetheless obliged to interpret their existing national laws in line with the requirements of the Convention.

This general legal framework has been further clarified by a strong body of case-law of both the CJEU and the quasi-judicial Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee (ACCC), which has provided important criteria for assessing whether access to justice provided can be considered to be truly effective.

Why improve Access to Justice?

Lack of awareness about rules on access to justice is an obstacle in practice.

Above-mentioned rules and case law should in theory guarantee that members of the public can participate in the enforcement of EU environmental laws, also using legal means if necessary. In practice, however, this is not always the case. Numerous studies, including the 2012/2013 access to justice studies (the ‘Darpö studies’) carried out on behalf of the Commission demonstrate that there are still significant hurdles to effective access to justice.

The baseline situations in the target countries vary greatly especially in the number of court cases in environmental matters. However, in all the targeted countries, these cases only make up a small portion of all judicial (mostly administrative) cases, ranging between less than 1% to 2-3%.

In many cases, changes to the application of procedural rules that usually award judges with considerable discretion would be key to providing effective access to justice.

Even though many legal professionals may be aware of the general rules governing access to justice in environmental matters, awareness of the essential case law is considerably lower, especially among public administrations and public interest environmental lawyers.

This low level of awareness is further evidenced by the high number of referrals for preliminary rulings before the CJEU regarding the access to justice provisions of the EIA Directive, as well as access to justice issues related to challenging breaches of other EU directives like the Habitats Directive.

These referrals clearly demonstrate that there are still many questions to address within the judiciary and other legal professionals in different EU countries. There is also little awareness of best practice or of cost-effective solutions in providing effective access to justice in different Member States.

What are the project objectives?

Access to Justice for a greener Europe aims to improve the implementation and enforcement of EU environmental law by providing the public with effective access to justice, such as judicial review, administrative review and complaints to other appeal bodies.

To reach this long-term goal, the project aims to disseminate information, knowledge and share best practices about Access to Justice with an audience of legal professionals, judiciary, non-profit organisations, public interest lawyers and public administrators.

It specifically focuses on:

·       Informing about existing rules and case-law on access to justice in environmental matters;

·       Explaining the importance of ensuring proper access to justice for the implementation of EU environmental laws and policies;

·       Highlighting specific challenges and obstacles to proper access to justice in environmental matters at national and EU level;

·       Providing methods for overcoming legal (both substantial and procedural) challenges and obstacles to effective access to justice in the environmental field.

What are the project's activities and results?

This three-year project started in July 2017 involves the production of “awareness raising” materials and organization of activities including:

·       A monthly newsletter about the latest updates in access to justice

·       A guide on access to Justice EU procedural rules and case law and the Aarhus Convention equivalents

·       National toolkits on access to justice in 8 Member States

·       A digital information platform with an “ask a lawyer function”

·       A public-interest lawyer database regrouping lawyers active in the field of environmental law

·       A series of webinars held in different locations in eight member states

·       An EU wide conference held in Brussels

The project targets legal professionals of the following member states: Austria, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Spain

Who are the project partners, beneficiaries and co-ordinators?

Coordinator: Association Justice & Environment, z.s.

Type of organisation: NGO-Foundation

Description: Association Justice and Environment, z.s. (J&E) is a non-profit non-governmental organisation that was founded in 2003 in the Czech Republic to ensure the effective implementation of EU environmental rules. A network, J&E has members in 11 EU Member States and one non-EU country.

Partners / Associated beneficiary: ClientEarth

Who can I contact for more information?

Csaba Kiss, Justice & Environment, project manager: info@justiceandenvironment.org

Sebastian Bechtel, ClientEarth project lead: sbechtel@clientearth.org

Access to Justice for a Greener Europe targets legal professionals of the following countries

Newsletters

Access to Justice

Access to Justice for a Greener Europe

EU

10 May 2024

A “compensation right” for the victims of pollution: empowerment or threat?

Access to Justice for a Greener Europe

EU

5 February 2024

The Court of Justice confirms environmental NGOs can challenge all violations of environmental law

Access to Justice for a Greener Europe

22 January 2024

Turów case – the competencies of the European Commission as an intervener might not be sufficient

Access to Justice

Environmental justice

Access to Justice for a Greener Europe

12 December 2023

Access to Justice to enforce the European Green Deal

Access to Justice

Access to Justice for a Greener Europe

9 March 2023

Access to justice in environmental matters in the case-law of the European Court on Human Rights

Access to Justice

Environmental justice

Access to Justice for a Greener Europe

Europe

EU

7 March 2023

The amended EU Aarhus Regulation one year in: new requests in review

Access to Justice for a Greener Europe

10 November 2021

EU and Belarus politics overshadow Aarhus meeting of the Parties

Access to Justice for a Greener Europe

Rule of law

31 March 2021

ClientEarth launches legal guide to help the public protect the environment

EU

6 November 2020

The European Commission’s communication on improving access to justice: Roadmap for action or cover for non-action?

EU

6 November 2020

The Aarhus Regulation Amendment: Cause for cautious celebration

EU

5 November 2020

The European Commission’s Rule of Law Report – what’s all the fuzz about?

EU

30 October 2020

Digging a moat to protect the castle walls: CJEU solidifies barriers to NGO standing

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